Persistent transmission of Schistosomiasis in Northwest Nigeria: A community-based assessment of urogenital and female genital infections

Urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) remain significant public health concerns in Northwestern Nigeria, particularly among vulnerable populations like adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. Despite ongoing control efforts, transmission persists. This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and socio-demographic characteristics associated with UGS and FGS in selected areas of Jigawa State.

This study enrolled 648 females from six local government areas. Urine samples were analyzed for Schistosoma haematobium eggs to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS). Additionally, 606 participants underwent gynecological examinations to assess the prevalence of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) based on characteristic lesions. Bivariate and multivariate statistical models were used to analyze the relationships between socio-demographic data, water contact behavior, sanitation practices, and the prevalence of UGS and FGS.

The study found an overall prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) as 13.6% (95% CI: 11.0–16.5%), with Auyo having the highest rate (6.3%) and Buji the lowest (0.6%). Heavy infections (≥50 eggs/ml urine) were most common in Ringim (57.1%) and Taura (50%). For female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), the prevalence was 25.1% (95% CI: 21.7–28.7%), with Buji (44.5%) and Dutse (38.7%) reporting the highest rates. Multivariate analysis revealed age and geographic location as significant predictors of infection (p < 0.001). Adolescents aged 10–14 years were at highest risk for UGS (OR = 5.56, p = 0.006), while older women were more likely to have FGS due to cumulative exposure.

This study highlights the transmission dynamics of UGS and FGS in relation to socio-demographic factors in Jigawa State’s irrigation-dependent areas. To combat the disease, we recommend ongoing interventions, including mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel, improved sanitation, health education, and enhanced diagnostics. Targeted control measures should prioritize high-risk groups, especially adolescents and women, to reduce disease burden and break transmission cycles.