An integrative examination of psychological distress and its nutritional and visual correlates among young adults in Ghana

Psychological distress is a key precursor to suicidal ideation during emerging adulthood—a period characterized by increasing independence and responsibility. Although young adults are particularly vulnerable, the burden and determinants of psychological distress among this group, especially vicenarians, remain poorly understood. This study utilized integrative approach to investigate psychological distress and its nutritional and visual correlates among 301 young adults in Ghana. Biographical, health, and physical activity data were collected using structured questionnaires. Visual function was assessed objectively using LogMAR Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts for best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Pelli-Robson charts for contrast sensitivity, and subjectively using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25). Anthropometric measurements followed standard protocols. A 3-day 24-hour dietary recall was used to estimate carotenoid intake. Neuropsychological function was assessed with a cognitive test battery, and psychological distress was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Logistic regression analyses revealed that 23.26% of participants experienced psychological distress—14.6% mild, 3% moderate, and 5.6% severe. Psychologically distressed individuals reported lower intake of lutein and zeaxanthin and were less likely to use corrective eyewear. Alcohol consumption increased the odds of distress, whereas better self-reported visual function (NEI-VFQ-25) reduced it. These findings suggest that integrating nutrition, substance use counseling, and eye care into mental health services may enhance psychological wellbeing among young adults in Ghana.