Implementation of the 7-1-7 Framework through an Early Action Review of a Cholera Outbreak in Migori County, Kenya
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Background
Cholera remains a persistent public health threat in Kenya, exacerbated by inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure, cross-border mobility, and under-resourced health systems. On 12 February 2025, Migori County reported a cholera outbreak, prompting an Early Action Review (EAR) guided by the 7-1-7 framework to evaluate timeliness of detection, notification, and response.
Methods
We conducted a qualitative EAR involving review of outbreak timelines, epidemiological data, and facilitated focus group discussions with 40 stakeholders from county, national, and partner institutions. The outbreak chronology was benchmarked against the 7-1-7 metric: detection within 7 days, notification within 1 day, and response initiation within 7 days. Thematic analysis of six response pillars was combined with root cause analysis to identify bottlenecks and enabling factors.
Findings
The outbreak lasted 58 days (10 February–8 April 2025), resulting in 53 suspected cases, 16 confirmed, and one death (CFR 1.8%). All 7-1-7 performance targets were met: detection (2 days), notification (<1 day), and response (3 days). Key enablers included rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), functional event-based surveillance, activated emergency operations centers, and buffer stocks of WASH and medical supplies. However, delayed culture confirmation and reliance on external partners for emergency supplies were noted as critical gaps.
Interpretation
Migori County’s application of the 7-1-7 framework through an EAR enabled a timely and coordinated cholera response. Institutionalizing EARs and strengthening laboratory and logistics capacity are essential to enhance epidemic preparedness and response in decentralized health systems.
