Sigma-1 Receptor Promotes Glycolysis in Neuronal Systems by Suppressing GRIM19

Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is a Ca ²⁺ sensitive, ligand-operated receptor chaperone protein present on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and more specifically at the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). Upon activation by ER calcium depletion or ligand binding, S1R can increase calcium efflux from the ER into the mitochondria by chaperoning IP3 receptor type3 (Ip3R3). Mitochondrial metabolism has an intricate relationship with glycolysis. Despite S1R affecting mitochondria, the relevance of S1R to glycolysis and its impact on the overall cellular energy metabolism is not known. This study utilizes wild-type (Wt) and S1R knockout (S1R KO) Neuro2a (N2a) cells and Wt and S1R KO mice for primary culture of cortical neurons studies and longitudinal in-vivo imaging. In this manuscript we describe the fundamental functions of S1R on glycolysis, mitochondrial activity and NAD ⁺ /NADH metabolism, keystone coenzymes essential for glycolysis and for mitochondrial activity. Both N2a cells and cortical neurons lacking S1R had reduced glycolytic activity, and increased mitochondria complex I protein GRIM19 but no change in mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Furthermore, we observed an increased NAD ⁺ /NADH ratio in S1R KO condition. Positron emission tomography revealed decreased [ ¹⁸ F]fluorodeoxyglucose brain uptake in S1R KO mice. We observed that knocking down GRIM19 in S1R KO condition rescued the glycolysis deficit. Altogether, these data show for the first time that S1R modulates glycolysis and NAD metabolism in various neuronal systems. This new insight on the S1R function may lead to new therapeutic applications of S1R ligands where compromised glycolysis and cellular NAD+/NADH ratios occur such as aging and neurodegeneration.