Targeted disruption of phage liquid crystalline droplets abolishes antibiotic tolerance of bacterial biofilms

All bacterial biofilms contain an extracellular matrix rich in filamentous molecules ¹ that self-associate ^2–4 , conferring emergent properties to bacteria ⁵ , including antibiotic tolerance ⁶ . Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen that forms biofilms in diverse infectious settings ^7,8 , where the upregulation of a filamentous bacteriophage Pf4, has been shown to be a key virulence factor that protects bacteria from antibiotics ^9,10 . Here, we modelled biophysical characteristics of biofilm-linked liquid crystalline droplets formed by Pf4, which predicted that sub-stoichiometric phage binders had the ability to disrupt liquid crystals by changing the surface properties of the phage. We tested this prediction by developing nanobodies targeting the outer surface of the Pf4 phage, which disrupted in vitro reconstituted droplets, promoted antibiotic diffusion into bacteria, disrupted P. aeruginosa biofilm formation under a variety of conditions, and abolished antibiotic tolerance of biofilms. The inhibition strategy illustrated in this study could be extended to biofilms of other pathogenic bacteria, where filamentous molecules are pervasive in the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, our findings exemplify how targeting a biophysical mechanism, rather than a defined biochemical target, is a promising avenue for intervention, with the potential of applying this concept to other disease-related contexts.