Pan-genome and core genome insights into AMR-Positive Salmonella Lineages from African Food Chains

Salmonella enterica is a major public health concern in Africa because of its increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to multiple antibiotics that threatens effective treatment and control. In this study, we analyzed 135 publicly available antimicrobial resistant Salmonella genomes from African food sources. Using a pan genomic analysis approach, we identified a pangenome of 15,269 genes, including a core genome of ∼3.5 Mbp with 3,350 core genes (99–100% prevalence) and a substantial accessory genome comprising 183 soft-core, 1,441 shell, and 10,295 cloud genes. We found substantial genomic diversity among the AMR-positive Salmonella enterica isolates. AMR profiling revealed widespread distribution of resistance genes, with aac(6’)-laa_1 present in nearly all genomes, and tet(A) , sul2 , and fosA71 frequently co-occurring. Core virulence genes such as invA , ssaL , and steA were nearly universally conserved, suggesting essential roles in pathogenesis. Sporadic rare virulence genes like papE , tcpC , and ybtP were present in the genome pointing to lineage-specific patterns. Hierarchical clustering based on core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) revealed monophyletic clades for major serovars like Enteritidis and Infantis , while broader HC2000 groupings reflected shared evolutionary histories. Shannon diversity indices revealed geographical variation in AMR gene richness, with Burkina Faso, South Africa and Tunisia showing high intra-country diversity. Our analysis identified lineage-associated accessory genes, hence providing potential markers for surveillance. This study offers valuable insights into the genomic architecture and AMR landscape of Salmonella in Africa and underscores the need for expanded genomic surveillance across diverse geographic and food production contexts.