Genetic lineage tracing identifies intermediate mesoderm as a novel contributor to mammalian kidney lymphatics

The lymphatic vasculature is essential for fluid homeostasis, immune regulation and possesses diverse organ-specific functions. During development, lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) arise from multiple progenitor sources that form organ-specific lymphatic networks. While the origins of LECs in the heart, skin, and mesentery have been studied, those in the kidney remain unresolved. Here, we combined genetic lineage tracing in mouse embryos with optical clearing and high-resolution three-dimensional imaging to identify two distinct progenitor sources of kidney lymphatics. The majority of kidney LECs originate from a Tie2⁺ endothelial lineage previously linked to venous or capillary vessels. Approximately 15% derive from Osr1⁺ intermediate mesoderm, a lineage that generates kidney nephrons and stroma. Osr1⁺- derived LECs were absent from the heart, mesentery, and skin, indicating a kidney-specific contribution, and arose independently of nephron and stromal lineages. Both Tie2⁺ and Osr1⁺ lineages contributed to vessel sprouting and de novo formation of lymphatic clusters. Revealing a novel cellular origin of LECs and identifying a dual origin for kidney lymphatics, we demonstrate that de novo lymphatic formation can occur from both shared and organ-specific progenitors. This work advances our understanding of how lymphatics assemble during development and provides a framework for targeting kidney lymphatics in disease.