Spatially resolved analysis of longitudinal fruit growth in persimmon ( Diospyros kaki ) via three-dimensional phenotyping

Understanding fruit development patterns is essential, as they are directly linked to fruit size and shape, which ultimately determine final yield and quality. While conventional models describe fruit development based on growth parameters for the whole fruit, it remains unclear how tissue growth at different fruit portions is coordinated to promote overall fruit development. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the relationship between differences in developmental rates among fruit portions and fruit morphology in persimmon ( Diospyros kaki ), a species known for its high morphological diversity. Starting two weeks after blooming (WAB), surface landmarks were routinely drawn along the calyx-apex line on fruits of four persimmon cultivars with diverse shapes, and the landmark displacement was quantified every two weeks using 3D phenotyping. Consistent with previous studies, all cultivars exhibited active development in the regions near the calyx, with the greatest difference in growth rates between the calyx and apex occurring at 6–8 WAB. However, the extent of these spatial differences varied among cultivars. In elongated fruits, a gradual growth gradient was observed from the calyx toward the apex, with relatively high growth rates even near the apex. In contrast, in flattened fruits, growth was highly concentrated near the calyx, while development in other regions remained minimal. The findings of this study provide a foundation for future research on fruit shape regulation and the elucidation of physiological disorders in persimmon.