Stretching the Limits: From Planar-Biaxial Stress–Stretch to Arterial Pressure–Diameter

Understanding the physiological condition of the vascular system is critical to explain, treat, and manage vascular disease. Numerous experimental and computational studies exist to characterize the mechanical behavior of arterial tissue samples under controlled laboratory conditions. However, translating this laboratory knowledge into physiologically realistic and real-life conditions remains challenging. Key difficulties include the selection of suitable and physiologically relevant test methods, minimizing measurement uncertainty, and ensuring robust model validation. Here, we present a novel integrative approach to translate controlled laboratory experiments on arterial samples into pressure–diameter data that can be recorded in-expensively and non-invasively in the clinic. We perform controlled planar-biaxial tests on carotid arteries under three different stretch ratios and generate axial and circumferential stress–stretch data to calibrate a fiber-reinforced soft tissue model for arterial tissue. Using an analytical thick-walled cylindrical model, we predict subject-specific pressure–diameter behavior, informed by anatomical geometries and arterial pre-stretch. We systematically compare each prediction against extension-inflation experiments on tubes from the same artery by applying controlled pairs of axial stretch and inner pressure, while recording the outer diameter. We quantify the prediction error in both absolute and relative stretch regimes. The results show that planar-biaxial loading probes fundamentally different stretch regimes compared to extension-inflation deformations, leading to an extrapolation of the model predictions. We quantify the influence of the fitted constitutive material parameters, and assess the sensitivity of the results to the accurate representation of axial stretch and circumferential prestretch. We suggest that translating laboratory measurements into realistic physiological conditions is also highly sensitive to the load-free reference configuration and in vivo geometries. Only when those key model parameters are accurately captured, and their uncertainty propagated, planar-biaxial stress–stretch data can be used as a reliable tool to predict arterial pressure–diameter behavior. Our study provides a publicly available dataset, along with comprehensive testing protocols and post-processing workflows, to support reproducibility and further research on this topic.