Linking power, efficiency, and bifurcations in ecological systems

Understanding the selecting and generating forces operating across the self-organization of ecological systems is synonymous with understanding principles of life itself. Three prominent hypotheses in ecological research—Lotka’s Maximum Power Principle , Odum and Pinkerton’s Intermediate Efficiency Principle , and Morowitz’s Biological Cycle Principle —have independently attempted to explain these forces. However, how these hypotheses interconnect at the ecosystem scale remains unclear. Using a classical consumer-resource model, we reveal a formal property of ecological systems that leads them to maximize power exchange with intermediate efficiency while undergoing bifurcations from attracting points to attracting cycles. Our work reiterates the importance of ecosystem science rooted in energy flux, while illuminating a potential link between optimal thermodynamic properties and biological self-organization.