Human activities drive novel behaviours and transitions in dolphins

Intensifying human activities are reshaping coastal ecosystems, yet their impact on wildlife behaviour and survival remain poorly understood. We conducted drone-based focal-group follows of endangered Indian Ocean humpback dolphin groups in Goa, India, to quantify how tourism and fisheries jointly impact behavioural states and transitions. By integrating machine learning and georeferencing techniques, we found that both human activities triggered distinct behavioural transitions absent in undisturbed groups. Dolphins expressed ‘escape’ behaviours exclusively near tourist boats and were more likely to transition into foraging near fishing nets (mostly purse-seines). Smaller groups reacted more strongly to tourist boats and interacted more frequently with fishing nets, especially in seasons when fish landing data showed a decline in their prey. These findings offer new insights into the behavioural mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of coastal dolphins with humans and provide broader guidelines for managing tourism and fisheries to reduce anthropogenic pressure on threatened delphinids.