Hypoxia-Induced Metabolic Reprogramming and Markings of Cell Fate in Concentric Arterial Hypertrophy

Chronic inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), while widely used to treat hypertension, can lead to an underrecognized form of vascular disease marked by concentric arteriolar and arterial hypertrophy (CAAH). Here, using two lineage-traced mouse models of genetic renin deletion and sustained RAS blockade, we uncover a pathogenic cascade initiated by renin-lineage cell fate reprogramming. Loss of endocrine identity and transformation of smooth muscle cells drives a shift toward a fibrotic, inflammatory, and secretory phenotype that remodels the extracellular matrix and promotes vascular thickening and luminal narrowing. Integrated transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling revealed a hypoxia-linked metabolic switch—characterized by succinate accumulation and NAD ⁺ depletion—coupled to Hif activation and disease progression. We identify Cdh13 and collagens (including Col1a1 and Col12a1) as early urinary biomarkers and define a 10-gene molecular signature of CAAH with potential clinical application. These findings establish renin-lineage cell plasticity and metabolic dysfunction as central drivers of CAAH and nominate candidate biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targeting in RAS-inhibited patients.