Persistent Sex Disparities in Pre-hospital Delay Among STEMI Patients Despite Overall Improvements: Findings from the Chinese Cardiovascular Association Chest Pain Center Registry

Women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) historically experience longer pre-hospital delays than men. Whether this disparity has narrowed in China following nationwide quality initiatives remains unknown.

METHODS

We analyzed 1,104,812 STEMI patients from the Chinese Cardiovascular Association Database-Chest Pain Center (2016–2023). Pre-hospital delay (symptom-to-door time) and its components (symptom-to-call [EMS call delay], call-to-door [transport delay]) were analyzed. Sex differences were assessed using multivariable quantile regression (adjusting for age, comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors), examining trends over time (2016–2019, 2020–2022, 2023).

RESULTS

Women consistently experienced longer pre-hospital delays than men (median: 170 vs. 124 minutes; adjusted median difference: 24.44 min, 95%CI:22.71– 26.16, P <0.001). Although overall pre-hospital delay decreased from 2016 to 2023, the sex disparities persisted, particularly at higher delay percentiles (e.g., >60 min wider at 90th percentile by 2023). Decomposition revealed the disparity was primarily driven by EMS call delay (adjusted difference: 13.42 min, 95%CI:10.76–16.08, P <0.001), not transport delay (1.49 min, P <0.001). Younger women (<60 years) exhibited the largest relative disparity. The 2020–2022 pandemic period disrupted improvement trends, especially for EMS call delay.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite overall reductions in pre-hospital delay for STEMI in China, sex disparities persisted, especially younger women. Targeted interventions addressing symptom recognition and help-seeking behavior in women are urgently needed.