CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the wheat iron sensor TaHRZ1 confirms its conserved role in iron homeostasis and allocation in grains

Plants rely on specialised sensing systems, including transcriptional regulators, to maintain iron (Fe) homeostasis. Among these, Hemerythrin RING Zinc finger (HRZ) proteins have emerged as key regulators of Fe homeostasis. In this study, six wheat HRZ homoeologs TaHRZ1 and TaHRZ2 were identified from rice HRZ sequences and mapped to chromosomes 1 and 3. These encode proteins with conserved N-terminal Hemerythrin (HHE) domains and C-terminal CHY-RING and Zn-ribbon motifs. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into distinct clades, while expression profiling revealed strong root-specific and Fe-responsive expression patterns, indicating roles in nutrient sensing. Functional conservation was demonstrated by complementation of the Arabidopsis bts-1 mutant, where both wheat genes restored normal Fe regulation. Full-length TaHRZ1 and TaHRZ2 interacted with members of wheat bHLH IVc transcription factors, while truncated versions lacking the RING domain did not, emphasising their conserved role in protein interactions. CRISPR-Cas9 editing of the conserved HHE3 domain in all the TaHRZ1 homoeologs, coupled with GRF4-GIF1 chimeric protein, achieved ∼9% regeneration efficiency in wheat cultivar C306. Grain ICP-MS analysis indicated enhanced iron loading in the edited lines, particularly in the scutellum, suggesting improved iron partitioning compared to the wild type. Additionally, qRT-PCR revealed upregulation of FIT and IRO3 , and downregulation of IDEF1 in edited lines, supporting a central role for TaHRZ1 in Fe homeostasis signalling. These findings position TaHRZ1 as a valuable target for biofortification strategies to enhance Fe content in wheat grains.