Exposure to a mixture of organic pollutants in a threatened freshwater turtle Emys orbicularis : effects of age, sex, and temporal variation

Freshwater ecosystems constitute major sinks for organic contaminants, increasing anthropogenic pressures and threatening the unique biodiversity they harbour. In addition to persistent legacy compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), various pollutants are less persistent but are chronically released, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate diesters (PAEs), pyrethroid pesticides, and insect repellent. Heretofore, these pollutants have received insufficient attention in freshwater reptiles, considering their potential to trigger detrimental effects on organisms. During two years (2019 and 2020), we quantified plasma levels of 46 compounds from 7 chemical families in two monitored populations of the protected European pond turtle ( Emys orbicularis ) in the Camargue wetland, France. PAHs and PAEs were found predominantly and concomitantly, with similar occurrences and levels in the two populations. We observed similar inter-annual variations in PAHs and PAEs with differences between males and females, highlighting the need for a better assessment of the role of sex in the exposure pathway and the toxicokinetics of contaminants, especially in turtles. The negative relationship between PAH levels and age, as well as the high intra-individual variation in levels of both contaminant families, provides further evidence of limited bioaccumulation of these pollutants in the blood of E. orbicularis . This could be explained by the metabolic biotransformation of parent compounds, highlighting the need to quantify the levels of PAH metabolites and phthalate monoesters. Finally, our work underscores the importance of long-term monitoring to better determine the vulnerability of turtle populations already exposed to a wide range of contaminants.