Molecular Bonsai: Elucidating the design principles for engineering plant organ size

Enhancements to crop morphology, such as the semi-dwarfing that helped drive the green revolution, are often driven by changes in gene dosage. These changes are challenging to translate across varieties and species, which slows the pace of crop improvement. Synthetic transcription factors (SynTFs) offer a rapid alternative to generate targeted alterations to gene dosage. However, the complexity of developmental pathways makes it unclear how to best apply them to predictably engineer morphology. In this work, we explore if mathematical modeling can guide SynTF-based expression modulation of genes in the signaling pathway of the phytohormone, gibberellin (GA), which is a central regulator of cell expansion, to elucidate the design principles for engineering organ size. We demonstrate that modulation of GA signaling gene expression can generate consistent dwarfing across tissues in both controlled and variable environments in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , and that the degree of dwarfing is dependent on the strength of regulation as predicted by modeling. We further validate the model’s predictive power by demonstrating its capacity to accurately predict the qualitative impacts of different regulatory architectures for both increasing and decreasing organ size. Finally, we show that these insights can be generalized for engineering organ size in the crop Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). This work creates a framework for predictable engineering of an agriculturally important trait, organ size, across tissues and plant species. It also serves as a proof-of-concept for how mathematical models can guide SynTF-based alterations in gene dosage to enable bottom-up design of plant phenotypes.