A covarion model for phylogenetic estimation using discrete morphological datasets

The rate of evolution of a single morphological character is not homogeneous across the phylogeny and this rate heterogeneity varies between morphological characters. However, traditional models of mor-phological character evolution often assume that all characters evolve according to a time-homogeneous Markov process, which applies uniformly across the entire phylogeny. While models incorporating among-character rate variation alleviate the assumption of the same rate for all characters, they still fail to address lineage-specific rate variation for individual characters.

The covarion model, originally developed for molecular data to model the invariability of some sites for parts of the phylogeny, provides a promising framework for addressing this issue in morphological phylogenetics. In this study, we extend the covarion model in RevBayes to morphological character evolution, which we call the covariomorph model, and apply it to a diverse range of morphological datasets. Our covariomorph model utilizes multiple rate categories derived from a discretized probability distribution, which scales rate matrices accordingly. Characters are allowed to evolve within any of these rate categories, with the possibility of switching between rate categories during the evolutionary process.

We verified our implementation of the covariomorph model with the help of simulations. Additionally, we examined 164 empirical datasets, finding covarion-like rate variation in approximately half of them. Upon further examination of two focal datasets that exhibited covarion-like rate variation, we found that the covariomorph model provides a more nuanced approach to incorporate rate variation across lineages, significantly affecting the resulting tree topology and branch lengths compared to traditional models. The observed sensitivity of branch lengths to model choice underscores potential implications of this approach for divergence time estimation and evolutionary rate calculations. By accounting for lineage-specific rate shifts, the covariomorph model offers a robust framework to improve the accuracy of morphological phylogenetic inference.