Combining Machine Learning and Multiplexed, In Situ Profiling to Engineer Cell Type and Behavioral Specificity

A promising strategy for the precise control of neural circuits is to use cis -regulatory enhancers to drive transgene expression in specific cells. However, enhancer discovery faces key challenges: low in vivo success rates, species-specific differences in activity, challenges with multiplexing adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), and the lack of spatial detail from single-cell sequencing. In order to accelerate enhancer discovery for the dorsal spinal cord—a region critical for pain and itch processing—we developed an end-to-end platform, ESCargoT ( Engineered Specificity of Cargo Transcription ), combining machine learning (ML)–guided enhancer prioritization, modular AAV assembly, and multiplexed, in situ screening. Using cross-species chromatin accessibility data, we trained ML models to predict enhancer activity in oligodendrocytes and in 15 dorsal horn neuronal subtypes. We first demonstrated that an initial enhancer, Excit-1, targeted excitatory dorsal horn neurons and drove reversal of mechanical allodynia in an inflammatory pain model. To enable parallel profiling of a 27-enhancer-AAV library delivered intraspinally in mice, we developed a Spatial Parallel Reporter Assay (SPRA) by integrating a novel Golden-Gate assembly pipeline with multiplexed, in situ screening. Regression adjustment for spatial confounding enabled specificity comparisons between enhancers, demonstrating the ability to screen enhancers targeting diverse cell types (oligodendrocytes, motoneurons, dorsal neuron subtypes) in one experiment. We then validated two candidates, targeting Exc-LMO3 and Exc-SKOR2 neurons, respectively. In a companion paper by Noh et al , our colleagues show that the functional specificity of the Exc-SKOR2-targeting enhancer, unlike Excit-1, is capable of blocking the sensation of chemical itch in mice. These enhancers were derived from the macaque genome but displayed functional sensitivity in mice. This platform enables spatially resolved, multiplexed in vivo enhancer profiling to accelerate discovery of cell-targeting tools and gene therapy development.