Dynamic feedforward and feedback influences on left ventral occipitotemporal cortex: evidence from word and pseudoword reading

Left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT) is crucial in reading, yet its functional role remains debated. Competing theories paint it as either a prelexical feedforward hub or a bidirectional interface between sensory and higher-order linguistic systems. To address the debate, we investigated the temporal and spectral dynamics of information flow involving left vOT during visual word and pseudoword reading using magnetoencephalography (MEG). The pseudowords varied in the degree to which they orthographically resembled real words. By combining two directed connectivity metrics, i.e., phase slope index (PSI) and Granger causality (GC), we converged on a hybrid model of left vOT function that reconciles the competing perspectives. Feedforward connectivity from low-level visual areas to vOT emerged at around 100 ms post stimulus similarly across all conditions, spanning a wide frequency range. Subsequently, feedforward orthographic information flowed from left vOT to higherorder areas, especially left superior temporal cortex (ST), at the low gamma band. This flow strength was modulated by word-likeness, being stronger for real words and word-like pseudowords than complete pseudowords. Conversely, feedback flow from left ST to vOT was observed in the low beta band for pseudowords, and occurred later for word-like than complete pseudowords. This indicates that greater processing demands modulate the direction of information flow, necessitating top-down linguistic constraints to facilitate reading. Our findings clarify the functional role of left vOT and explain when and why its connectivity may show as feedforward or bidirectional depending on time and task.