Separating feedforward and feedback dynamics using time-frequency-resolved connectivity: a hybrid model of left ventral occipitotemporal cortex in word reading

Left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT) is crucial in reading, yet its functional role is viewed either as a prelexical feedforward hub or a bidirectional interface between sensory and higher-order linguistic systems. The two competing views have usually been considered mutually exclusive. To comprehensively explain the functional complexity of left vOT, we investigated the temporal and spectral dynamics of information flows involving left vOT during visual word and pseudoword reading using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and two directed connectivity metrics, i.e., phase slope index (PSI) and Granger causality (GC). Specifically, feedforward connectivity from low-level visual areas to vOT was observed for all conditions, with the strength of orthographic information flow to left superior temporal cortex (ST) modulated by stimulus word-likeness. Conversely, feedback flow from left ST to vOT appeared for pseudowords that allow top-down linguistic constraints to facilitate reading, and occurred later for word-like than complete pseudowords. Our findings suggest that left vOT during word reading functions in a hybrid manner: operating in efficient feedforward mode for familiar word recognition while flexibly recruiting bidirectional processing for unfamiliar pseudowords. By disentangling feedforward and feedback dynamics with high temporal and spectral resolution, we empirically reconcile competing theories of vOT function.