Complete cross strain protection against congenital cytomegalovirus infection requires a vaccine encoding key antibody (gB) and T-cell (immediate early 1 protein) viral antigens
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Background
Cytomegalovirus is a leading cause of congenital disease and multiple strains enable congenital CMV (cCMV) from both primary and non-primary infection. A cross-strain protective cCMV vaccine is a high priority. The guinea pig is the only small animal model for cCMV and guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) encodes functional homolog proteins including cell entry gB glycoprotein and non-structural immediate early 1 protein (IE1), essential for lytic infection. A gB vaccine antibody response fails to provide horizontal protection against highly cell-associated clinical GPCMV strain TAMYC compared to prototype strain 22122. Previously, a recombinant defective adenovirus (Ad) vaccine encoding IE1, a T-cell antigen, provided high-level cCMV protection. In this study, we hypothesized that a combined Ad-based strategy encoding trimeric gB complex and IE1 (AdgB+AdIE1) could improve cross-strain protection against cCMV compared to a gB vaccine (AdgB).
Methods
A preconception vaccine study evaluated the immune response and ability of vaccines to provide cross-strain protection against cCMV. Seronegative female animals were assigned into three vaccine groups: Group 1 (AdgB); Group 2 (AdgB+AdIE1); Group 3 (no vaccine). Animals were vaccinated following a previously defined protocol and antibody ELISAs were used to evaluate gB immune response (AD1, prefusion gB and wild type gB). Additionally, an IFNγ-ELISPOT assay evaluated IE1 T-cell response. During second trimester dams were challenged with GPCMV (22122 and TAMYC) and pregnancy went to term where viral loads in pup target organs and placentas were evaluated.
Results
Vaccinated dams elicited a higher neutralizing antibody response to gB than natural convalescent immunity and antibodies recognized homolog AD1 gB domain as well as prefusion gB with response surpassing natural immunity. Group 2 animals additionally elicited a T-cell response to IE1. Evaluation of viral load in pups demonstrated that AdgB+AdIE1 vaccine reduced GPCMV transmission to below detectable limits compared to 91.7% in unvaccinated group. In contrast, AdgB reduced cCMV transmission to 12% in pups.
Conclusion
Complete cross-strain cCMV protection is a significant milestone in this model and achieved by inclusion of an antibody response to trimeric gB and T-cell response to IE1. Importantly, gB and IE1 responses can synergize and increase protection against cCMV unlike prior approaches.
