Action enhances the detection of visuomotor incongruence: A comparison of matched spatial vs temporal manipulations along identical trajectories

Introducing delays to visual movement feedback or displacing it in space is a common experimental manipulation to study the neurocomputational basis of flexible motor control and self-other distinction. While both manipulations imply positional mismatches, there are crucial differences between them, such as the preservation of kinematics (velocity, acceleration etc.) by spatial displacement but not time delay. The systematic comparison of the perceptual sensitivity to spatial vs temporal visuomotor mismatches is notoriously difficult. In this preregistered experiment, we addressed this question by using a continuous elliptical drawing task with a new, matched spatial (offset) vs temporal (delay) vs congruent manipulation of visual movement feedback along identical movement trajectories; and comparing detection performances during execution vs observation. The detection of deviations in visual movement feedback was significantly improved by action; especially at critical (near- threshold) mismatch levels. Temporal and spatial detection showed similar patterns in the active part. During observation, spatial, but not temporal deviations could also be detected above chance level, suggesting a visual sensitivity to violations of kinematic invariants.