Impact of tusk anomalies on the long-term foraging ecology of narwhals

Male narwhals are unique in having one long, spiralled tusk, while females of the species do not have a tusk. However, a small number of individuals develop tusk anomalies, including two-tusked males or females with a tusk. In this study, we combine genetic sexing and bone collagen stable isotope (δ ¹³ C and δ ¹⁵ N) analysis to evaluate whether these tooth anomalies impact foraging ecology. Our analysis of individuals collected in the waters around Greenland showed no systematic impacts; nine of ten two-tusked male narwhals, and all three one-tusked female narwhals were within the normal range of known isotopic diversity from the sampled geographic regions. Two specimens with other forms of unusual dentition both showed stable isotope values outside the range of narwhals, suggesting their diet was different. Our findings underscore how DNA data retrieved from museum specimens can elucidate biological questions of interest, such as the sex of anomalous individuals. They also show how stable isotope analysis can be used to assign individuals with unknown provenance to their geographic region of origin.