MODY is prevalent in later-onset diabetes, has potential for targeted therapy but is challenging to identify

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) can present after the age of 40yrs, but its prevalence, clinical characteristics, and the utility of simple clinical features for selecting cases in this age group remain poorly defined. We analysed whole-exome and clinical data from 51,619 individuals with diabetes diagnosed after 40 years of age from two large cohorts: the UK Biobank (n = 25,012) and the US health system MyCode cohort (n = 26,607). The prevalence of MODY due to pathogenic variants in the ten most common genes was 1 in 191 (0.52%) and 1 in 633 (0.16%) in the UK and US cohorts. For subtypes with treatment implications ( GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A, ABCC8, KCNJ11 ), prevalence was 1 in 234 and 1 in 935, respectively. GCK -MODY was most common, followed by HNF4A and lower-penetrance RFX6 . Clinical features of MODY overlapped with both insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated non-MODY diabetes. Applying simple clinical criteria only increased the MODY diagnosis to 2.64% and 0.87% but missed over 86% of cases. MODY is more common than expected in later-onset diabetes but remains difficult to identify using clinical features alone. Further research is needed to develop more effective strategies for selecting individuals with later-onset diabetes for genetic testing.