Molecular Insights into the Production of Extracellular Vesicles by Plants

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by Arabidopsis are highly heterogeneous in protein content. Specific EV subpopulations have been proposed to participate in plant immunity, particularly during plant-fungal interaction. To understand the origins of plant EV heterogeneity, we used a proximity labeling approach to identify proteins and pathways involved in the secretion of distinct EV subpopulations. Proximity labeling, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence microscopy in Nicotiana benthamiana all indicated a general role in EV secretion for EXO70 proteins (a subunit of the exocyst complex) and the immune-related protein RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4 (RIN4), while the ER-localized VAMP-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 27(VAP27) was specifically associated with the EV marker protein TETRAPSANIN8 (TET8). Despite being secreted in separate EV populations, we found that TET8 and PENETRATION 1 (PEN1) co-localized in multivesicular body-like subcellular structures. Based on these results, we tested Arabidopsis mutants and identified several proteins involved in EV secretion, including members of the exo70 family, rin4 , rabA2a , scd1 (a GTP-exchange factor for RabE GTPases), and vap27 . We also uncovered a possible connection between trichomes and EVs, as the trichomeless mutant glabrous1 secreted approximately half the number of EVs as wild type. Furthermore, PEN1 MVB-like structures were prevalent in guard cells, suggesting that guard cells may contribute to secretion of PEN1+ EVs on the leaf surface. Lastly, we found that exo70 family mutants are more susceptible to infection with the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum , underlining the importance of secretion for plant immunity. Together, our results unravel some of the complex mechanisms that give rise to EV subpopulations in plants.