Predicting animal movement across the species range for landscape-scale applications

Background: Understanding animal movement across broad ecological contexts is essential for guiding management decisions in natural resource and animal disease management. However, most movement studies collect data over small spatial extents, which challenges using the data for landscape-scale management applications. Methods: We collated relocation data from 564 wild pigs spanning 25 studies across 10 states in the United States. We derived net and daily displacement distributions for individuals in each of 4 seasons. We fit gamma distributions to displacement distributions and derived mean and dispersion parameters as metrics of displacement magnitude and variation. We modeled mean and dispersion variables using gradient-boosted regression, including landscape and weather predictors, and predicted daily and net displacement distributions across the species range. We used integrated step selection analysis to estimate habitat selection for wild pig groups sharing a common composition of habitat availability across the studied populations. Results: Female average (+/- 95% confidence interval) net displacement means varied by season, peaking in Jul-Sept at 1,152 +/- 140 m along with daily displacement mean distances of 650 +/- 41 m. Average net displacement means for males peaked in Oct.-Dec. at 1,651 +/- 160 m with daily displacement mean distances of 1,092 +/- 95 m. Extreme net displacement values ranged up to 9,649 m and 4,080 m for male and female, respectively, and extreme daily displacement distribution means of 6,616 m for males, and 3,855 m for females. Almost half of the individuals included a similar composition of habitat availability, regardless of study site location. Herbaceous wetland was the most consistently favored land type and was available for more than 70% of all individual pigs across all studies. Preference for other land types depended strongly on habitat availability. Conclusions: By comparing movement and habitat selection across a large geographic extent, our work provides new insights about the environmental drivers and limits of wild pig movement behavior. Our workflow digests variation wild pig movement distributions and habitat selection into parameters that can be used to predict movement on heterogeneous landscapes for downstream applications such as invasive species elimination campaigns or disease management.