Human Peripheral Nerve-on-a-Chip on a Multiwell Microelectrode Array as a Scalable Preclinical Neurotoxicity Assay

Reliable human-relevant models of peripheral nerve function remain a critical unmet need in preclinical drug development, particularly for predicting neurotoxicity and bridging the gap to clinical translation. Here, we introduce a next generation Nerve-on-a-Chip, PNS-3D organoids, as a novel human-cell-based 3D peripheral nerve microphysiological system (MPS) that recapitulates key functional and structural features of native nerves, including long-distance axonal outgrowth, physiological myelination, and clinically translational population level electrophysiology. The platform integrates iPSC-derived human sensory neurons and primary human Schwann cells within a spatially organized 3D environment, coupled to a custom embedded electrode array that enables high-content, longitudinal, and clinically translatable functional assessments. As a proof of concept, we evaluated the platform’s predictive power using vincristine, a chemotherapeutic agent known to cause chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). PNS-3D organoids captured dose- and time-dependent deficits in nerve conduction velocity, compound action potential amplitude, and axonal degeneration, with IC₅₀ values in line with human clinical exposures— outperforming traditional 2D cultures and in vivo benchmarks. Transcriptomic and morphological analyses further revealed neuron-specific degeneration consistent with axonopathy. These results validate the platform as a human-relevant, clinically translation, and scalable solution, enabling mechanistic safety assessment and drug discovery for neurotoxic and neuroprotective therapeutics.