From Tool to Teammate: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Clinician-AI Collaborative Workflows for Diagnosis

Early studies of large language models (LLMs) in clinical settings have largely treated artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool rather than an active collaborator. As LLMs now demonstrate expert-level diagnostic performance, the focus shifts from whether AI can offer valuable suggestions to how it can be effectively integrated into physicians’ diagnostic workflows. We conducted a randomized controlled trial (n=70 clinicians) to evaluate the value of employing a custom GPT system designed to engage collaboratively with clinicians on diagnostic reasoning challenges. The collaborative design began with independent diagnostic assessments from both the clinician and the AI. These were then combined in an AI-generated synthesis that integrated the two perspectives, highlighting points of agreement and disagreement and offering commentary on each. We evaluated two workflow variants: one where the AI provided an initial opinion (AI-first), and another where it followed the clinician’s assessment (AI-second). Clinicians using either collaborative workflow outperformed those using traditional tools, achieving average accuracies of 85% (AI-first) and 82% (AI-second), compared to 75% with traditional resources (p < 0.0004 and p < 0.00001; mean differences = 9.8% and 6.8%; 95% CI = 4.6%–15% and 4.0%–9.6%). Performance did not differ significantly between workflows or from the AI-alone score of 90%. These results underscore the value of collaborative AI systems that complement clinician expertise and foster effective coordination between human and machine reasoning in diagnostic decision-making.