Adverse events in both childhood and adulthood are associated with molecular, clinical and functional markers of ageing

Adverse events, including interpersonal trauma, have been linked to poorer health outcomes. However, the biological mechanisms linking adversity and health outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated associations between molecular, clinical and functional markers of biological ageing and adverse events experienced in childhood and adulthood. Using data from the UK Biobank ( N = 153,557 middle-aged and older adults), we investigated whether adversity experienced in childhood and/or adulthood was associated with metabolomic ageing, frailty, telomere length and grip strength. Across childhood and adulthood exposures, adversity and its severity were most consistently associated with higher frailty index values, with the strongest associations observed in individuals exposed to multiple types of adverse events. Individuals who experienced adversity in both childhood and adulthood also had a metabolite-predicted age (MileAge) exceeding chronological age and lower grip strength. Abuse was more consistently associated with ageing biomarkers than neglect. Our findings suggest that adversity is associated with older biological ageing profiles across multiple domains, which may be part of the mechanism linking early and later life adversities to poorer health outcomes and premature mortality.