Development of a CRISPR/Cas9-induced gene editing system for Pseudoalteromona fuliginea and its applications in functional genomics

Pseudoalteromonas has been used as a model system to study cold adaptation and is of widespread interest in biotechnology and ecology. To explore its physiological responses to extreme cold, uncover functional genes, and clarify their ecological roles, efficient genetic tools are essential. However, existing genetic manipulation methods in Pseudoalteromonas rely on traditional homology-based recombination, which is inefficient and time-consuming. Consequently, improving editing efficiency is crucial for advancing both basic research and applied potential. Here, we introduced the CRISPR/Cas9 system into Pseudoalteromonas for the first time, and conducted an extensive investigation into the application of the Type II CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene editing in Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea , a representative species thriving in the frigid polar oceans. To validate the feasibility of the CRISPR/Cas system in P. fuliginea , multiple genes were selected as targets and confirmed the gene editing effects through phenotypic changes or gene expression. We have successfully achieved both gene knockouts and insertions in P. fuliginea , encompassing the deletion of genes such as fliJ , indA , and genes encoding Pf sRNAs, as well as the in vivo insertion of 3×flag and the gfp gene. The average CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing efficiency in P. fuliginea exceeded 70% (range: 73.3%-95.8%), which is significantly higher than the traditional homology-based approach (less than 0.1%). In summary, we developed an efficient CRISPR/Cas9-based editing system in P. fuliginea , which can be utilized to accelerate the development of Pseudoalteromonas as a model system for addressing fundamental questions related to extreme environmental adaptation and to fulfill its potential biotechnological applications.