PIKI-1, a class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, functions in endocytic trafficking
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Membrane trafficking, including endocytosis and exocytosis, is a complex process that is coordinated by trafficking-associated proteins, cargo molecules, the cytoskeleton, and membrane lipid composition. The NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2 (human NEK8/9) and NEKL-3 (human NEK6/7) are conserved regulators of membrane trafficking in Caenorhabditis elegans and are required for successful molting. Through a genetic approach, we isolated reduction-of-function mutations in piki-1 that suppress nekl- associated molting defects. piki-1 encodes the sole predicted C. elegans Class II phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3Ks), an understudied class of lipid modifiers that contribute to the production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P 2 ). Using a set of genetically encoded lipid sensors, we found that PIKI-1 was responsible for the production of PI(3,4)P 2 in the C. elegans epidermis but played only a minor role in the control of PI(3)P levels. Consistent with this, both PI(3,4)P 2 and PIKI-1 colocalized to early endosomes, and reduction of PIKI-1 function strongly affected early endosomal morphology and protein composition. Additionally, reduced PIKI-1 function led to excess tubulation of endosomal compartments associated with recycling or the degradation of cellular debris. In contrast to previous studies using mammalian cell culture, PIKI-1 was largely dispensable for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the context of the worm epidermis, which is a polarized epithelium. Notably, reduction of PIKI-1 function strongly mitigated defects in early endosomes associated with the depletion of NEKL-2. We propose that reduction of PIKI-1 function may suppress nekl molting defects by partially restoring endocytic trafficking within specific compartments, including the early endosome. We also show that inhibition of the PI(3,4)P 2 -binding protein HIPR-1 (HIP1/HIPR1) suppresses nekl molting defects, suggesting that reduced PI(3,4)P 2 levels alter endosomal protein recruitment in a manner that antagonizes NEKL-2 function.
Author summary
The uptake of materials from outside the cell and their subsequent delivery to specific intracellular locations are essential for cell function and survival. Two of the mechanisms that control this complex intracellular pathway involve the modification of proteins and of lipids, processes that are highly conserved across species. In this study, we used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans , which is highly amenable to cell biological and genetic approaches, to establish a novel connection between these two regulatory mechanisms and demonstrate the importance of lipid modifications in maintaining the normal functioning of intracellular transport. Our results also provide insights into the fundamental cellular functions of proteins associated with human disease including cancer and metabolic disease.
