Differential Effects of Meditation States and Traits on the Neural Mechanisms of Pain Processing
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Objectives
The main objective of the present study was to explore the effects of different types of meditation on the neurophysiologic mechanisms of pain processing.
Methods
EEG responses to electric median nerve stimulation were recorded in short-term and long-term meditators (STM, LTM) during rest and three forms of meditation engaging attentional and affective regulation in different ways: focused attention meditation (FAM), open monitoring meditation (OMM) and loving kindness meditation (LKM). EEG responses were analysed in the time- and time-frequency domains to compute local components, and temporal and spatial synchronizations of multi-spectral pain-related oscillations (PROs) in order to characterize bottom-up processes, pro-active modulation of cortical excitability, cognitive/affective appraisal, and the connectivity of performance monitoring (fronto-medial) and attentional (fronto-parietal) networks during pain processing.
Results
STM manifested a significant decrease in the connectedness of the fronto-medial theta-alpha network and a significant reduction of the P3b during LKM. In contrast, changes in LTM were observed during FAM and OMM. They were characterized by pre-stimulus alpha increase at somatosensory areas, and modulations of fronto-medial and fronto-parietal theta-alpha synchronizations.
Conclusions
Different meditation states do not influence bottom-up sensory pain processing. However, they significantly alter cognitive/affective pain mechanisms in state- and trait-dependent ways. In novice meditators, a positive emotional disposition during meditation can suppress the distribution and cognitive/affective appraisal of nociceptive signals. In expert meditators, effects of meditation states on pain processing are critically guided by advanced control of internal attention leading to fine-tuned involvement and functional segregation of cognitive control and attention networks.
