Quantitative RNA pseudouridine landscape reveals dynamic modification patterns and evolutionary conservation across bacterial species

Pseudouridine (Ψ) modifications are the most abundant RNA modifications; however, their distribution and functional significance in bacteria remain largely unexplored compared to eukaryotic systems. In this study, we present the first transcriptome-wide and quantitative mapping of Ψ modifications across five diverse bacterial species ( Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Pseudomonas syringae ) at single-base resolution, utilizing the optimized BID-seq method for bacterial RNA. Our analysis revealed growth phase-dependent dynamics of pseudouridylation in bacterial tRNA and mRNA, particularly in genes enriched in core metabolic pathways. Comparative analysis demonstrated evolutionarily conserved features of Ψ modifications, such as dominant motif contexts, Ψ clustering within operons, etc. Functional analysis indicated Ψ modifications influence bacterial mRNA stability, translation, and interactions with specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in response to changing cellular demands during growth phase transitions. The integrated computational analysis on local RNA architecture was conducted to elucidate the structure-dependent Ψ modifications in bacterial RNA. Furthermore, we developed an integrated deep learning framework, combining Transformer-GNN-based neural networks (pseU_NN) to capture both RNA sequence and structural features for effective prediction of Ψ-modified sites. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the landscapes of bacterial RNA Ψ modifications and establishes a foundation for future mechanistic investigations into the functions of Ψ in bacterial RNA regulation.