Spatial geometry-aware deep learning for deciphering tissue structure from spatially resolved transcriptomics

Recent advances in spatially resolved transcriptomics have enabled high-throughput gene expression profiling while preserving spatial context, thereby facilitating the investigation of spatial heterogeneity within tissues. Here, we present SpatialGEO, a spatial geometry-aware deep learning framework designed to decipher tissue organizational structures through dual-encoder feature extraction and geometric graph learning. Experimental results demonstrate the superior accuracy of SpatialGEO in identifying spatial regions across datasets encompassing diverse biological contexts and spatial resolutions. Moreover, SpatialGEO uncovers key mechanisms of immune evasion and regulation within the tumor microenvironment and provides novel biological insights into mouse embryonic development.