Protease-Resistant Azapeptide GLP-1 Analogue Improves Metabolic Control in Diet-Induced Obesity

Peptide therapeutics are limited by rapid proteolysis and short half-lives. Azapeptides, created by replacing one or more α-carbon(s) on the peptide backbone with nitrogen atom(s), offer a strategy to improve peptide stability while preserving functional efficiency, yet their clinical potential has remained underexplored. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluations of azapeptide-based glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). Using a solid-phase synthesis platform, we generated GLP-1 analogues with aza-substitutions at protease-sensitive residues. The lead analogue, AzaA ⁸ /R ³⁴ -GLP-1(AzaA8), resisted dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degradation (>24 h), maintained picomolar potency at the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling, and exhibited an extended plasma half-life in mice relative to unmodified controls. In lean mice, AzaA8 improved oral glucose tolerance, and in high-fat diet-induced obese mice, chronic administration reduced body weight, decreased leptin and insulin levels, and enhanced glucose handling without detectable inflammatory adverse effects. These findings demonstrate that a targeted aza-substitution yields a protease-stable, biologically active GLP-1RA with metabolic benefits, establishing azapeptides as a promising scaffold for next-generation incretin-based therapies in diabetes and obesity.