Soluble Immune Factor Profiles in Blood and CSF Associated with LRRK2 Mutations and Parkinson’s Disease
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Background and Objectives
Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 ( LRRK2 ) gene are one of the most common genetic causes of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and are linked to immune dysregulation in both the central nervous system and periphery. However, peripheral and central profiles of soluble immune factors associated with LRRK2 mutations and PD have not been comprehensively characterized. Using serum and CSF samples from the LRRK2 Cohort Consortium (LCC), this study aimed to probe a broad range of soluble immune biomarkers associated with LRRK2 mutations and PD.
Methods
We investigated the levels of soluble immune regulators in the serum (n=651) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, n=129) of LRRK2 mutation carriers and non-carriers, both with and without PD. A total of 65 cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and soluble receptors were assessed by Luminex immunoassay. A multivariable robust linear model was used to determine levels associated with LRRK2 mutations and PD status, adjusting for age, sex, and sample cohort. Correlations were assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mice were used to validate the associations identified in the LCC.
Results
In this extensive discovery cohort, we identified several elevated serum immune regulatory factors associated with LRRK2 mutations. In particular, serum stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha) levels, as supported by findings in LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mice, and tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNF-RII) were significantly increased after multiple comparison adjustment. In contrast, LRRK2 mutations were associated with reduced soluble immune markers, including BAFF, CD40-Ligand, I-TAC, MIP-3 alpha, NGF beta, and IL-27 in CSF. Those with clinically diagnosed PD, with or without LRRK2 mutations, did not show strong signals in serum but reduced inflammatory analytes in CSF, including MIF, MMP-1, CD30, Tweak, and SDF-1 alpha. In addition, we found that the serum levels of these soluble immune factors display varied correlations with their corresponding CSF levels.
Discussion
This study highlights distinct immune profiles associated with LRRK2 mutations and PD in the periphery and CNS. Serum levels of SDF-1alpha and TNF-RII were elevated in LRRK2 mutation carriers, while CSF immune markers were reduced. In PD, irrespective of LRRK2 status, reduced CSF inflammatory analytes and weak serum signals were observed. These results provide insight into immune dysregulation linked to LRRK2 mutations. If replicable in independent datasets, they offer potential avenues for biomarker and therapeutic exploration.
