NTDscope: A multi-contrast portable microscope for disease diagnosis

Accurate diagnostics are essential for disease control and elimination efforts. However, access to diagnostics for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is hindered by limited healthcare infrastructure in many NTD-endemic regions, as well as by reliance on time- and labor-intensive diagnostic methods, such as smear microscopy. New diagnostic tools that are portable, rapid, low-cost, and meet World Health Organization (WHO) sensitivity and specificity targets are urgently needed to accelerate NTD control and elimination programs. Here, we introduce the NTDscope, a portable microscopy platform that enables point-of-care imaging and automated detection of parasites and other pathogens in patient samples. The NTDscope builds on and extends the capabilities of the LoaScope, a device that turned the camera of a mobile phone into a microscope and used on-board image processing to automatically quantify Loa loa microfilariae burden in whole blood samples. The NTDscope replaces the mobile phone of the LoaScope with a system-on-module (SOM) that enables the integration of multiple imaging modalities in a single package designed to improve robustness and expand applications. In this work, we demonstrate use of the NTDscope as a portable brightfield, darkfield, and fluorescence microscope for samples including microfilariae and helminth eggs. We also show that the device can be used to quantify molecular assays, such as a lateral flow test and a CRISPR-Cas13a-based assay. The ability to combine diagnostic capabilities of conventional microscopy with molecular assays and machine learning in a single device could expand access to diagnostics for populations in NTD-endemic areas and beyond.