Intratumoral Resident Microbes Directly Participate in Resistance to EGFR-TKI Targeted Drug Therapy through Metabolism in NSCLC

EGFR-TKIs targeted therapy represents a cornerstone in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nonetheless, a subset of patients inevitably develops acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs, posing a significant clinical challenge. An increasing number of evidence has documented the presence of microbial communities within tumor microenvironments, but the potential interplay between tumor-resident microbiota and resistance to EGFR-TKIs remains poorly understood. Here, we report that prolonged EGFR-TKIs treatment markedly alters the diversity of tumor-resident microbiota, characterized by a notable enrichment of Bacillus mycoides and Pseudomonas veronii . In vitro experiments revealed that co-culture of gefitinib with either B. mycoides or P. veronii significantly attenuated its tumor-suppressive efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, gefitinib underwent extensive biotransformation in the presence of these bacteria, yielding redox derivatives and conjugation products, which collectively diminished its antitumor activity. Specifically, B. mycoides metabolized gefitinib into B.mPM9-C33 H45 Cl F N3 O4, while P. veronii generated P.vPM2-C24 H29 Cl N4 O3, both of which were consistently detected in in vivo and in vitro models. Furthermore, heterologous expression of maltose acetyltransferase from B. mycoides in E. coli BL21 conferred the capacity to metabolize gefitinib, underscoring the enzymatic basis of this metabolic conversion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that B. mycoides and P. veronii drive tumor resistance to EGFR-TKIs through metabolic inactivation of the drug, unveiling a previously unrecognized role of tumor-resident microbiota in modulating therapeutic responses and providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying EGFR-TKIs resistance in NSCLC.