Assembly-Activating Protein Phase Separation Properties Are Required for Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Assembly
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Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2), a non-pathogenic parvovirus reliant on helper viruses, is studied extensively as a potential gene delivery vector. A +1 open reading frame within the cap gene encodes a nonstructural protein of 204-amino-acids termed assembly-activating protein (AAP), which has been attributed a critical role in transporting the viral capsid protein VP3 into the nucleolus for assembly. However, AAP remains poorly characterized because of its relatively late discovery and lack of commercial antibodies. In the absence of other virus proteins, AAP localizes in the nucleolus due to five redundant nuclear and nucleolar localization signals. Additionally, AAP, a predicted intrinsically disordered protein, forms spontaneous dose-dependent nuclear globular condensates, a trait of liquid-liquid phase separated inclusions. Consistent with LLPS biophysical properties, the AAP condensates recovered rapidly from photobleaching and are sensitive to aliphatic diol treatment—moreover, AAP self-oligomerizes. We produced an AAP-specific antibody to analyze the role of this protein during productive AAV2 replication. In this context, we observed that AAP also forms nuclear globular condensates with LLPS biophysical properties in cells co-infected with AAV2 and either herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or adenovirus type 5 (AdV-5) as the helper viruses. The screening of AAP deletion mutants revealed that the N-terminal region (amino acids 1-61) is necessary for condensate formation and self-oligomerization. Interestingly, this AAP region contains a predicted alpha-helix spanning amino acids 16 to 45. The substitution in this region of the hydrophobic residues by alanines drastically impaired AAP-LLPS biophysical properties and its ability to trigger AAV2 capsid assembly. Identifying the amino acids involved in assembly and LLPS may improve AAV vector production.
Author Summary
Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) is a non-pathogenic virus extensively studied for its potential in gene therapy. It relies on a protein called assembly-activating protein (AAP) to transport its capsid protein, VP3, to the nucleolus for assembly. The 204-amino-acid AAP is not well characterized because it was discovered only relatively recently and commercial antibodies are not availabe, making it challenging to study. Here, we demonstrate that AAP localizes in the nucleolus and forms globular condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a property characterized by rapid recovery from photobleaching and sensitivity to aliphatic diol treatment. Additionally, we prepared a specific antibody to study AAP during AAV2 co-infection with helper viruses like herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or adenovirus type 5 (AdV-5). We found that AAP also forms nuclear condensates with LLPS properties in co-infected cells. We demonstrate that the N-terminal region of AAP (amino acids 1-61) is crucial for condensate formation and self-oligomerization. Within this region, a predicted alpha-helix (amino acids 16-45) is essential, as substituting its hydrophobic residues with alanines significantly impaired the LLPS properties of AAP and its ability to facilitate AAV2 capsid assembly. Identifying these key amino acids may enhance AAV vector production for gene therapy applications.
