Cerebellar involvement in self-timing

The cerebellum is well-established in sub-second motor timing, but its role in supra-second interval timing remains unclear. Here, we investigate how cerebellar output influences time estimation over longer timescales. Rats performed an interval timing task, estimating time based on an auditory cue, while chemogenetic inhibition of the lateral cerebellar nucleus assessed its role in both predictable (externally cued) and unpredictable (internally cued) timing conditions. Cerebellar inhibition produced bidirectional effects: delayed action initiation in predictable trials and premature responses in unpredictable trials. Despite slowed movement, overall task success rates remained unchanged, suggesting a specific impairment in temporal estimation rather than motor execution. These findings demonstrate that the cerebellum integrates motor and cognitive processes for supra-second timing, with differential effects on externally guided and self-generated timing. Our results provide evidence that the lateral cerebellum contributes to supra-second interval timing, supporting its role in adaptive behavior across extended timescales.