Exploring brain dynamics within the Approach-Avoidance Bias

Approach-avoidance behaviors (AAB) are fundamental mechanisms that guide interactions with the environment based on the emotional valence of stimuli. While previous research has extensively explored behavioral aspects of the AAB, the neural dynamics underlying these processes remain insufficiently understood. The present study employs electroencephalography (EEG) to systematically investigate the neural correlates of AAB in a non-clinical population, focusing on stimulus- and response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs). Forty-three participants performed a classic Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) while EEG activity was recorded. Behavioral results confirmed the AAB effect, with faster reaction times in congruent compared to incongruent trials, as well for positive versus negative trials. ERP analyses revealed significant differences in the Valence factor, with early effects for stimulus-locked trials and late differences at the parietal-occipital region for response-locked trials. However, no significant effects were found for the Condition factor, suggesting that the neural mechanisms differentiating congruent and incongruent responses might not be optimally captured through EEG. Additionally, frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) analyses showed no significant differences between conditions, aligning with the literature. These findings provide novel insights into the temporal and spatial characteristics of AAB-related neural activity, emphasizing the role of early visual processing and motor preparation in affect-driven decision-making. Future research should incorporate methodological approaches for assessing AAB in ecologically valid settings.