Adaptation of Plasmid-ID Technology for Evaluation of N ² -Fixing Effectiveness and Competitiveness for Root Nodulation in the Sinorhizobium-Medicago System

Maximizing the nitrogen fixation occurring in rhizobia-legume associations represents an opportunity to sustainably reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture. High-throughput measurement of symbiotic traits has the potential to accelerate the identification of elite rhizobium/legume associations and enable novel research approaches. Plasmid-ID technology, recently deployed in Rhizobium leguminosarum , facilitates the concurrent assessment of rhizobium nitrogen-fixing effectiveness and competitiveness for root nodulation. This study adapts Plasmid-ID technology to function in Sinorhizobium species that are central models for studying rhizobium-legume associations and form economically important symbioses with alfalfa. New Sino-Plasmid-IDs were developed and tested for stability and their ability to measure competitiveness for root nodulation and nitrogen-fixing effectiveness. Rhizobial competitiveness is measured by identifying strain-specific nucleotide barcodes using Next-Generation Sequencing while effectiveness is measured by GFP fluorescence driven by the synthetic nifH promoter. Sino-Plasmid-IDs allow researchers to efficiently study competitiveness and effectiveness in a multitude of Sinorhizobium strains simultaneously.