iPSC-Derived Cerebral Organoids Reveal Mitochondrial, Inflammatory and Neuronal Vulnerabilities in Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is increasingly recognized as a disorder with both mitochondrial dysfunction and heightened inflammatory reactivity, yet their contribution to neuronal activity remains unclear. To address these gaps, this study utilizes iPSC-derived cerebral organoids (COs) from BD patients and healthy controls to model disease-specific metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction in a physiologically relevant system. BD COs exhibited mitochondrial impairment, dysregulated metabolic function, and increased nod-leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation sensitivity. Treatment with MCC950, a selective NLRP3 inhibitor, effectively rescued mitochondrial function and reduced inflammatory activation in both BD and control COs. Additionally, a Bioactive Flavonoid Extract (BFE) was explored as a potential therapeutic, demonstrating partial rescue of inflammasome activation. These findings highlight a mitochondria-inflammasome axis in BD pathophysiology and establish a novel platform for studying BD-associated cellular mechanisms, ultimately bridging the gap between molecular dysfunction and therapeutic development.