Ketogenic interventions prevent alterations of the gut microbiome in transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease mice

Alterations in the gut microbiome constitute a feature of aging and therefore represent a therapeutic target for aging-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the impact of ketogenic interventions on the microbiome of mice genetically predisposed to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD mice exhibited several microbial alterations, notably increased levels of Bifidobacterium and decreased levels of Bacteroidetes. Ketogenic interventions, either a medium-chain triglyceride-enriched diet (MCT) or carbohydrate-free high-fat diet (CFHF), administered for 1 month restored the levels of more than 50% of the bacteria altered in AD mice, including a strong reduction in Bifidobacterium levels. Ketogenic interventions induced a shift in the gut microbiome associated with increased levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae. MCT and CFHF also triggered diet-specific microbial changes, which may contribute to the distinct physiological effects of these diets. In conclusion, ketogenic interventions may influence AD pathophysiology by modulating the gut microbiome.