Squash flowers as microhabitats: the effects of floral temperature and humidity on pollen viability and visitor behavior

Flowers represent intricate microcosms shaped by their chemical and micrometeorological properties. Notable examples include thermogenic flowers that create a warm microclimate for visitors and residents. We document a distinct microclimate within the large flowers of both wild and domesticated squashes ( Cucurbita spp .). Unlike thermogenic flowers, squash flower temperatures remain near ambient, but their humidity consistently exceeds ambient levels from bud to senescence, resulting from stomatal and petal transpiration rather than nectar evaporation. Experimentally reducing humidity in greenhouse-grown male squash flowers results in significant pollen tube rupture, directly impacting plant fitness. To explore the role of floral humidity within a broader ecological context, we performed similar humidity manipulations on squash farms to assess impacts on the behavior of their specialist squash bee pollinator ( Xenoglossa pruinosa ), generalist pollinators (bumblebees, honeybees), and specialist herbivores (cucurbit beetles). Experimentally reduced floral humidity lower visitation frequency by squash bees but have no effect on generalist pollinators. Manipulation of floral humidity did not influence the foraging duration of any pollinators but impacted the residence of male squash bees in wilted flowers compared with unmanipulated flowers. Finally, there was a positive correlation between the dryness of the ambient air and the abundance of squash bees and cucurbit beetles residing in the humid wilted floral chambers. In conclusion, our findings showcase squash flowers as a humid microhabitat that influences reproductive success directly by affecting pollen viability and indirectly by altering interactions with squash bees, their specialist pollinators.