DUNE: a versatile neuroimaging encoder captures brain complexity across three major diseases: cancer, dementia and schizophrenia

Magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the brain exhibit high dimensionality that pose significant challenges for computational analysis. While models proposed for brain MRIs analyses yield encouraging results, the high complexity of neuroimaging data hinders generalizability and clinical application. We introduce DUNE, a neuroimaging-oriented encoder designed to extract deep-features from multisequence brain MRIs, thereby enabling their processing by basic machine learning algorithms. A UNet-based autoencoder was trained using 3,814 selected scans of morphologically normal (healthy volunteers) or abnormal (glioma patients) brains, to generate comprehensive low-dimensional representations of the full-sized images. To evaluate their quality, these embeddings were utilized to train machine learning models to predict a wide range of clinical variables. Embeddings were extracted for cohorts used for the model development (n=21,102 individuals), along with 3 additional independent cohorts (Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and glioma cohorts, n=1,322 individuals), to evaluate the model’s generalization capabilities. The embeddings extracted from healthy volunteers’ scans could predict a broad spectrum of clinical parameters, including volumetry metrics, cardiovascular disease (AUROC=0.80) and alcohol consumption (AUROC=0.99), and more nuanced parameters such as the Alzheimer’s predisposing APOE4 allele (AUROC=0.67). Embeddings derived from the validation cohorts successfully predicted the diagnoses of Alzheimer’s dementia (AUROC=0.92) and schizophrenia (AUROC=0.64). Embeddings extracted from glioma scans successfully predicted survival (C-index=0.608) and IDH molecular status (AUROC=0.92), matching the performances of previous task-oriented models. DUNE efficiently represents clinically relevant patterns from full-size brain MRI scans across several disease areas, opening ways for innovative clinical applications in neurology.