Mutations in ASH1L cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with sex differences in epilepsy and autism
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To understand brain phenotypes associated with ASH1L, we performed both studies in mouse models and clinical phenotyping of human subjects. We found in mice that ASH1L mutations result in seizures, microcephaly, and also less complex dendritic morphology. When we analyzed human subjects based for epilepsy, intellectual disability, and ASD, we found sex differences in epilepsy and autism, with epilepsy predominantly in female and ASD in male subjects. To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the sex-difference, we performed whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology in mice and found hyperexcitability in female compared with male hippocampal CA1 neurons. We report the identification of sex-specific transcriptomic signatures resulting from ASH1L haploinsufficiency. Differentially expressed genes in female mice showed distinct association with epileptic encephalopathy, postnatal microcephaly and autistic behaviors. Thus, the role of ASH1L in specific circuits may be sex-dependent leading to sexual dimorphic effects from disruption of this gene.
