A uniform stress response of stream microbiomes in the hyporheic zone across North America

Stream hyporheic zones represent a unique ecosystem at the interface of stream water and surrounding sediments, characterized by high heterogeneity and accelerated biogeochemical activity. These zones are increasingly impacted by anthropogenic stressors and environmental changes at a global scale, directly altering their microbiomes. Despite their importance, the current body of literature lacks a systematic understanding of active nitrogen and sulfur cycling across stream sediment and surface water microbiomes, particularly across geographic locations and in response to environmental stressors. Based on previously published and unpublished datasets, 363 stream metagenomes were combined to build a comprehensive MAG and gene database from stream sediments and surface water including a full-factorial mesocosm experiment which had been deployed to unravel microbial stress response. Metatranscriptomic data from 23 hyporheic sediment samples collected across North America revealed that microbial activity in sediments was distinct from the activity in surface water, contrasting similarly encoded metabolic potential across the two compartments. The expressed energy metabolism of the hyporheic zone was characterized by increased cycling of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, governed by Nitrospirota and Desulfobacterota lineages. While core metabolic functions like energy conservation were conserved across sediments, temperature and stream order change resulted in differential expression of stress response genes previously observed in mesocosm studies. The hyporheic zone is a microbial hotspot in stream ecosystems, surpassing the activity of overlaying riverine surface waters. Metabolic activity in the form of sulfur and nitrogen cycling in hyporheic sediments is governed by multiple taxa interacting through metabolic handoffs. Despite the spatial heterogeneity of streams, the hyporheic sediment microbiome encodes and expresses conserved stress responses to anthropogenic stressors, e.g., temperature, in streams of separate continents. The high number of uncharacterized differentially expressed genes as a response to tested stressors is a call-to-action to deepen the study of stream systems.