Butterfly body size shrinkage: the impact of ecological traits across varied environments

Because of its close ties to numerous ecological and life history characteristics, body size is regarded as one of an organism's most important characteristics and is frequently considered a significant indicator of fitness. According to recent studies, ectotherms in particular, may see a reduction in body size with rising temperatures. How life history and ecological traits influence, however, shifts in butterfly body size in response to environmental changes, particularly focusing on the effects of temperature and land use is poorly studied. Using Generalized Additive Models (GAM), we analyzed forewing length data alongside various life history (phenology, overwintering developmental stage, voltinism, diet breadth, gender) and ecological traits (mobility, thermal tolerance) as well as environmental parameters for a period that lasts 110 years. Smaller body sizes were linked to early-season emergence and increasing forest cover, while larger sizes were linked to longer flight durations and later seasonal appearance. Males exhibited a pronounced decline in body size while females showed an opposite trend, suggesting sex-specific vulnerabilities to climate change. This research highlights the complex interplay between climate change, habitat fragmentation, and butterfly morphology, emphasizing the need for further investigation into sexual size dimorphism as anthropogenic influences continue to reshape butterfly populations.