Enzymes can activate and mobilize the cytoplasmic environment across scales

Biomolecular condensates have so far been studied in terms of their structural, compositional, and functional properties. However, condensate enzymatic activity —a key aspect of cellular metabolism— remains unexplored due to the complexity of the system. In this study, using a combination of experimental, computational and theoretical techniques, we have discovered that the non-equilibrium activity which originates from catalytic reactions couples with the environment through various feedback mechanisms across five orders of magnitude of length scales. We observe that condensed enzymes catalyse more rapidly in the presence of crowding proteins and show that the increased enzymatic activity within these droplets stems from the emergence of lower-energy protein conformations induced by the highly crowded environment. Despite the crowding in the environment of the droplet, which might suggest an effective increase in its overall viscosity, we find that it becomes more agile, as evidenced by the observation of enhanced diffusion and macroscopic flow, due to the enzymatic activity. These findings shed new light on the dynamic interplay between enzymatic activity, composition and crowding in condensates, and their roles on the mobility and accessibility of various functional units in these environments, offering a novel perspective on liquidliquid phase separation in metabolically active conditions.