Assessing the impact of yield plasticity on hybrid performance in maize

Improving crop resilience in the face of increasingly extreme and unpredictable weather and reduced access to agricultural inputs such as nitrogen fertilizer and water will require an improved understanding of phenotypic plasticity in crops. To understand the roles of different component traits in determining overall plasticity for grain yield, we generated data from a panel of 122 maize ( Zea mays ) hybrids grown in replicated field trials in 34 environments spanning 700 miles (1126 km) of the U.S. Corn Belt. We observed that the levels of genetic versus environmental control and the relationships between mean parent release year, overall performance, and linear plasticity were trait-dependent across the 18 agronomic and yield components studied. Importantly and unexpectedly, we observed no clear tradeoff between linear plasticity and mean performance and found only rare examples where genotype-by-environment interactions would alter selection decisions based on the environments tested in our dataset. Furthermore, we showed that overall plasticity was repeatable and appears to be under considerable genetic control but that plasticity in response to nitrogen fertilization was not, which may help explain the limited success in breeding for nitrogen use efficiency. Together, these findings improve our understanding of phenotypic plasticity, with implications for maize breeding.